Phase back-EMF at rated speed. (a) Back-EMF voltage. (b) Harmonic

Induced back-EMF and phase current of PM synchronous generator at speed

Figure 4 from Coupled analysis of brushless DC motor using finite elements method & back electromotive force detecting electrical circuits

Multi‐Objective Optimization and Analysis of Asymmetric Hybrid‐Magnet Offset Motor for Electric Vehicles - Shi - IEEJ Transactions on Electrical and Electronic Engineering - Wiley Online Library

Sensorless control based on third harmonic back-EMF and PLL for permanent magnet synchronous machine

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Investigation of the electromagnetic characteristics and operating performance of a bidirectional PM excited machine

Measured phase back EMF voltage (RMS) versus speed of the AFPM motor

Back EMF–time characteristic under full load

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